

@article{Tai2024,
	abstract = {Do democratic regimes depend on public support to avoid backsliding? Does public support, in turn, respond thermostatically to changes in democracy? Two prominent recent studies (Claassen 2020a; 2020b) reinvigorated the classic hypothesis on the positive relationship between public support for democracy and regime survival---and challenged its reciprocal counterpart---by using a latent variable approach to measure mass democratic support from cross-national survey data. However, both studies used only the point estimates of democratic support. We show that incorporating the concomitant measurement uncertainty into these analyses reveals that there is no support for either study's conclusion. Efforts to minimize the uncertainty by incorporating additional survey data still fail to yield evidence in support of either hypothesis. These results underscore the need for both more nuanced analyses of the relationships between public support and democracy and taking measurement uncertainty into account when working with latent variables.},
	author = {Tai, Yuehong Cassandra and Hu, Yue and Solt, Frederick},
	date-added = {2024-10-17 13:35:18 -0500},
	date-modified = {2024-12-16 15:45:08 -0600},
	journal = {American Political Science Review},
	number = {1},
	pages = {512--518},
	title = {Democracy, Public Support, and Measurement Uncertainty},
	volume = {118},
	year = {2024},
	bdsk-file-1 = {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},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055422000429}}

@article{Berwick2024,
	author = {Berwick, Elissa and Caughey, Devin},
	date-added = {2024-10-04 10:52:15 -0500},
	date-modified = {2024-10-04 10:52:55 -0500},
	journal = {Political Analysis},
	title = {Dynamic Multidimensional Scaling with Aggregate Data: An Ordinal Group-Level IRT Approach},
	year = {Forthcoming}}

@article{Caughey2018,
	abstract = {Using eight decades of data, we examine the magnitude, mechanisms, and moderators of dynamic responsiveness in the American states. We show that on both economic and (especially) social issues, the liberalism of state publics predicts future change in state policy liberalism. Dynamic responsiveness is gradual, however; large policy shifts are the result of the cumulation of incremental responsiveness over many years. Partisan control of government appears to mediate only a fraction of responsiveness, suggesting that, contrary to conventional wisdom, responsiveness occurs in large part through the adaptation of incumbent officials. Dynamic responsiveness has increased over time but does not seem to be influenced by institutions such as direct democracy or campaign finance regulations. We conclude that our findings, though in some respects normatively ambiguous, on the whole paint a reassuring portrait of statehouse democracy.},
	author = {Caughey, Devin and Warshaw, Christopher},
	date-added = {2024-10-04 10:25:33 -0500},
	date-modified = {2024-10-04 10:25:33 -0500},
	file = {Full Text:C\:/Users/skywa/Zotero/storage/TV2JP38J/Caughey and Warshaw - 2018 - Policy Preferences and Policy Change Dynamic Resp.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:C\:/Users/skywa/Zotero/storage/LESE3JGM/8EC04664B89C28D46EDC266E3313BBBC.html:text/html},
	journal = {American Political Science Review},
	language = {en},
	month = may,
	number = {2},
	pages = {249--266},
	shorttitle = {Policy {Preferences} and {Policy} {Change}},
	title = {Policy {Preferences} and {Policy} {Change}: {Dynamic} {Responsiveness} in the {American} {States}, 1936--2014},
	urldate = {2020-04-20},
	volume = {112},
	year = {2018},
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	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055417000533}}

@book{AtkinsonEtAl2021,
	author = {Atkinson, Mary Layton and Coggins, K. Elizabeth and Stimson, James A. and Baumgartner, Frank R.},
	date = {2021},
	date-added = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	date-modified = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	location = {Cambridge},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	title = {The Dynamics of Public Opinion}}

@article{BarchardPace2011,
	abstract = {Human data entry can result in errors that ruin statistical results and conclusions. A single data entry error can make a moderate correlation turn to zero and a significant t-test non-significant. Therefore, researchers should design and use human computer interactions that minimize data entry errors. In this paper, 195 undergraduates were randomly assigned to three data entry methods: double entry, visual checking, and single entry. After training in their assigned method, participants entered 30 data sheets, each containing six types of data. Visual checking resulted in 2958\% more errors than double entry, and was not significantly better than single entry. These data entry errors sometimes had terrible effects on coefficient alphas, correlations, and t-tests. For example, 66\% of the visual checking participants produced incorrect values for coefficient alpha, which was sometimes wrong by more than .40. Moreover, these data entry errors would be hard to detect: Only 0.06\% of the errors were blank or outside of the allowable range for the variables. Thus, researchers cannot rely upon histograms and frequency tables to detect data entry errors. Single entry and visual checking should be replaced with more effective data entry methods, such as double entry.},
	author = {Barchard, Kimberly A. and Pace, Larry A.},
	bdsk-url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2011.04.004},
	date = {2011},
	date-added = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	date-modified = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	journaltitle = {Computers in Human Behavior},
	number = {5},
	pages = {1834--1839},
	title = {Preventing Human Error: The Impact of Data Entry Methods on Data Accuracy and Statistical Results},
	volume = {27}}

@article{BenoitEtAl2016,
	abstract = {Empirical social science often relies on data that are not observed in the field, but are transformed into quantitative variables by expert researchers who analyze and interpret qualitative raw sources. While generally considered the most valid way to produce data, this expert-driven process is inherently difficult to replicate or to assess on grounds of reliability. Using crowd-sourcing to distribute text for reading and interpretation by massive numbers of nonexperts, we generate results comparable to those using experts to read and interpret the same texts, but do so far more quickly and flexibly. Crucially, the data we collect can be reproduced and extended transparently, making crowd-sourced datasets intrinsically reproducible. This focuses researchers' attention on the fundamental scientific objective of specifying reliable and replicable methods for collecting the data needed, rather than on the content of any particular dataset. We also show that our approach works straightforwardly with different types of political text, written in different languages. While findings reported here concern text analysis, they have far-reaching implications for expert-generated data in the social sciences.},
	author = {Benoit, Kenneth and Conway, Drew and Lauderdale, Benjamin E. and Laver, Michael and Mikhaylov, Slava},
	date = {2016-05},
	date-added = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	date-modified = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	file = {D:\Nutstore\01_Literature\Benoitet al2016_Crowd-Sourced Text Analysis - Reproducible and Agile Production of Political Data.pdf},
	issn = {0003-0554, 1537-5943},
	journaltitle = {American Political Science Review},
	langid = {english},
	number = {2},
	pages = {278--295},
	shorttitle = {Crowd-Sourced Text Analysis},
	timestamp = {2019-05-30T02:39:34Z},
	title = {Crowd-Sourced Text Analysis: Reproducible and Agile Production of Political Data},
	volume = {110},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055416000058}}

@misc{BenoitEtAl2016a,
	author = {Benoit, Kenneth and Obeng, Adam and Nulty, Paul and Matsuo, Aki and Watanabe, Kohei and M\"uller, Stefan},
	date = {2016},
	date-added = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	date-modified = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	howpublished = {Available at the Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN)},
	title = {{{readtext}}: Import and Handling for Plain and Formatted Text Files}}

@article{Breznau2021,
	abstract = {//static.cambridge.org/content/id/urn\%3Acambridge.org\%3Aid\%3Aarticle\%3AS1049096520000980/resource/name/firstPage-S1049096520000980a.jpg},
	author = {Breznau, Nate},
	date = {2021-04},
	date-added = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	date-modified = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	file = {D:\Nutstore\01_Literature\Breznau2021_I Saw You in the Crowd.pdf},
	issn = {1049-0965, 1537-5935},
	journaltitle = {PS: Political Science \& Politics},
	langid = {english},
	number = {2},
	pages = {309--313},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	shorttitle = {I Saw You in the Crowd},
	title = {I Saw You in the Crowd: Credibility, Reproducibility, and Meta-Utility},
	urldate = {2023-05-20},
	volume = {54},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049096520000980}}

@article{CaugheyWarshaw2015,
	abstract = {Over the past eight decades, millions of people have been surveyed on their political opinions. Until recently, however, polls rarely included enough questions in a given domain to apply scaling techniques such as IRT models at the individual level, preventing scholars from taking full advantage of historical survey data. To address this problem, we develop a Bayesian group-level IRT approach that models latent traits at the level of demographic and/or geographic groups rather than individuals. We use a hierarchical model to borrow strength cross-sectionally and dynamic linear models to do so across time. The group-level estimates can be weighted to generate estimates for geographic units. This framework opens up vast new areas of research on historical public opinion, especially at the subnational level. We illustrate this potential by estimating the average policy liberalism of citizens in each U.S. state in each year between 1972 and 2012.},
	author = {Caughey, Devin and Warshaw, Christopher},
	date = {2015},
	date-added = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	date-modified = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	file = {D:\zotero_system\storage\Q9NBNID7\Caughey_Warshaw2015_Dynamic estimation of latent opinion using a hierarchical group-level IRT model.pdf},
	ids = {CaugheyWarshaw2015a},
	issn = {1047-1987, 1476-4989},
	journaltitle = {Political Analysis},
	keywords = {IRT},
	langid = {english},
	number = {2},
	pages = {197--211},
	timestamp = {2020-06-24T02:49:03Z},
	title = {Dynamic Estimation of Latent Opinion Using a Hierarchical Group-Level IRT Model},
	volume = {23},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpu021}}

@article{CaugheyWarshaw2018a,
	abstract = {Using eight decades of data, we examine the magnitude, mechanisms, and moderators of dynamic responsiveness in the American states. We show that on both economic and (especially) social issues, the liberalism of state publics predicts future change in state policy liberalism. Dynamic responsiveness is gradual, however; large policy shifts are the result of the cumulation of incremental responsiveness over many years. Partisan control of government appears to mediate only a fraction of responsiveness, suggesting that, contrary to conventional wisdom, responsiveness occurs in large part through the adaptation of incumbent officials. Dynamic responsiveness has increased over time but does not seem to be influenced by institutions such as direct democracy or campaign finance regulations. We conclude that our findings, though in some respects normatively ambiguous, on the whole paint a reassuring portrait of statehouse democracy.},
	author = {Caughey, Devin and Warshaw, Christopher},
	date = {2018-05},
	date-added = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	date-modified = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	file = {D:\Nutstore\01_Literature\Caughey_Warshaw2018_Policy Preferences and Policy Change.pdf},
	issn = {0003-0554, 1537-5943},
	journaltitle = {American Political Science Review},
	langid = {english},
	number = {2},
	pages = {249--266},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	shorttitle = {Policy Preferences and Policy Change},
	title = {Policy Preferences and Policy Change: Dynamic Responsiveness in the American States, 1936--2014},
	urldate = {2022-02-18},
	volume = {112},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055417000533}}

@book{ChristensenEtAl2019,
	author = {Christensen, Garret and Freese, Jeremy and Miguel, Edward},
	date = {2019},
	date-added = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	date-modified = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	file = {D:\Nutstore\01_Literature\Christensen et al2019_Transparent and reproducible social science research.pdf},
	location = {Berkeley},
	publisher = {University of California Press},
	title = {Transparent and Reproducible Social Science Research: How to Do Open Science}}

@dataset{Claassen2020c,
	author = {Claassen, Christopher},
	date = {2020},
	date-added = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	date-modified = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	title = {Replication Data for: In the Mood for Democracy? Democratic Support as Thermostatic Opinion}}

@dataset{Claassen2023,
	abstract = {It is widely believed that democracy requires public support to survive. The empirical evidence for this hypothesis is weak, however, with existing tests resting on small cross-sectional samples and producing contradictory results. The underlying problem is that survey measures of support for democracy are fragmented across time, space, and different survey questions. In response, this article uses a Bayesian latent variable model to estimate a smooth country-year panel of democratic support for 135 countries and up to 29 years. The article then demonstrates a positive effect of support on subsequent democratic change, while adjusting for the possible confounding effects of prior levels of democracy and unobservable time-invariant factors. Support is, moreover, more robustly linked with the endurance of democracy than its emergence in the first place. As Lipset and Easton hypothesized over 50 years ago, public support does indeed help democracy survive. ERRATUM: An erratum was approved by AJPS Editors for this manuscript. Updated data and code files are all included with this version of the published record.},
	author = {Claassen, Christopher},
	date = {2023-07-27},
	date-added = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	date-modified = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	file = {D:\zotero_system\storage\6LR6HGQG\dataset.html},
	langid = {french},
	publisher = {Harvard Dataverse},
	title = {Replication Data for: Does Public Support Help Democracy Survive?},
	urldate = {2023-10-23},
	version = {2},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/HWLW0J}}

@article{Crow2010,
	abstract = {A decade after Mexico's watershed 2000 election, Mexicans are disillusioned with democracy and distrustful of politicians, parties, and parliament. Evidence from an original survey, Desencanto Ciudadano en M\'exico, indicates that Mexicans' definitions of democracy play an important role in shaping how satisfied they are with it. Those holding a ``substantive'' definition of democracy emphasizing socioeconomic improvement tied to redistribution are significantly less satisfied with democracy than ``liberal'' democrats, who stress rights, or ``electoral'' democrats, who emphasize procedures. Citizen expectations of democracy are an important but missing ingredient in studies of political disillusionment. Dissatisfaction is worrisome because of its impact on political behavior. The disenchanted vote less, are less involved civically, and engage more in legal and illegal protest.},
	author = {Crow, David},
	date = {2010-10-01},
	date-added = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	date-modified = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	file = {D:\zotero_system\storage\HHCJFQA2\ Crow2010_The Party's Over Citizen Conceptions of Democracy and Political Dissatisfaction in Mexico.pdf},
	journaltitle = {Comparative Politics},
	number = {1},
	pages = {41--61},
	shortjournal = {Comparative Politics},
	shorttitle = {The Party's Over},
	title = {The Party's Over: Citizen Conceptions of Democracy and Political Dissatisfaction in Mexico},
	volume = {43},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.5129/001041510X12911363510358}}

@article{ElmanEtAl2018,
	abstract = {Political scientists use diverse methods to study important topics. The findings they reach and conclusions they draw can have significant social implications and are sometimes controversial. As a result, audiences can be skeptical about the rigor and relevance of the knowledge claims that political scientists produce. For these reasons, being a political scientist means facing myriad questions about how we know what we claim to know. Transparency can help political scientists address these questions. An emerging literature and set of practices suggest that sharing more data and providing more information about our analytic and interpretive choices can help others understand the rigor and relevance of our claims. At the same time, increasing transparency can be costly and has been contentious. This review describes opportunities created by, and difficulties posed by, attempts to increase transparency. We conclude that, despite the challenges, consensus about the value and practice of transparency is emerging within and across political science's diverse and dynamic research communities.},
	author = {Elman, Colin and Kapiszewski, Diana and Lupia, Arthur},
	date = {2018},
	date-added = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	date-modified = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	file = {D:\Nutstore\01_Literature\Elman et al2018_Transparent Social Inquiry - Implications for Political Science.pdf},
	journaltitle = {Annual Review of Political Science},
	number = {1},
	pages = {29--47},
	shorttitle = {Transparent Social Inquiry},
	title = {Transparent Social Inquiry: Implications for Political Science},
	urldate = {2022-06-23},
	volume = {21},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-091515-025429}}

@article{ElmanKapiszewski2014,
	abstract = {As an abstract idea, openness is difficult to oppose. Social scientists from every research tradition agree that scholars cannot just assert their conclusions, but must also share their evidentiary basis and explain how they were reached. Yet practice has not always followed this principle. Most forms of qualitative empirical inquiry have taken a minimalist approach to openness, providing only limited information about the research process, and little or no access to the data underpinning findings. What scholars do when conducting research, how they generate data, and how they make interpretations or draw inferences on the basis of those data, are rarely addressed at length in their published research. Even in book-length monographs which have an extended preface and footnotes, it can sometimes take considerable detective work to piece together a picture of how authors arrived at their conclusions.},
	author = {Elman, Colin and Kapiszewski, Diana},
	date = {2014-01},
	date-added = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	date-modified = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	file = {D:\Nutstore\01_Literature\Elman_Kapiszewski2014_Data Access and Research Transparency in the Qualitative Tradition.pdf},
	issn = {1049-0965, 1537-5935},
	journaltitle = {PS: Political Science \& Politics},
	keywords = {dart},
	langid = {english},
	number = {1},
	pages = {43--47},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	title = {Data Access and Research Transparency in the Qualitative Tradition},
	urldate = {2022-04-12},
	volume = {47},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049096513001777}}

@article{EngzellRohrer2021,
	abstract = {//static.cambridge.org/content/id/urn\%3Acambridge.org\%3Aid\%3Aarticle\%3AS1049096520000967/resource/name/firstPage-S1049096520000967a.jpg},
	author = {Engzell, Per and Rohrer, Julia M.},
	date = {2021-04},
	date-added = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	date-modified = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	file = {D:\Nutstore\01_Literature\Engzell_Rohrer2021_Improving Social Science - Lessons from the Open Science Movement.pdf},
	issn = {1049-0965, 1537-5935},
	journaltitle = {PS: Political Science \& Politics},
	langid = {english},
	number = {2},
	pages = {297--300},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	shorttitle = {Improving Social Science},
	title = {Improving Social Science: Lessons from the Open Science Movement},
	urldate = {2022-06-23},
	volume = {54},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049096520000967}}

@book{FerrinKriesi2016,
	abstract = {Based on a new data-set covering 29 European and neighboring countries, this volume shows how, Europeans view and evaluate democracy: what are their conceptions of democracy, how do they assess the quality of democracy in their own country, and to what extent do they consider their country's democracy as legitimate? The study shows that Europeans share a common view of liberal democracy, which is complemented by elements of social and direct democracy, which go beyond the basic liberal model. The level of their demands in terms of democracy varies, however, considerably across Europe and is related to their assessment of democracy: the worse the quality of democracy in a given country, the higher the respective demands on democracy. The analysis of the determinants of democratic views and evaluations shows that they depend on the political and economic (but less on the cultural) context conditions.  Comparative Politics is a series for students, teachers, and researchers of political science that deals with contemporary government and politics. Global in scope, books in the series are characterised by a stress on comparative analysis and strong methodological rigour. The series is published in association with the European Consortium for Political Research. For more information visit: www.ecprnet.eu. The Comparative Politics series is edited by Emilie van Haute, Professor of Political Science, Universite libre de Bruxelles; Ferdinand Muller-Rommel, Director of the Center for the Study of Democracy, Leuphana University; and Susan Scarrow, Chair of the Department of Political Science, University of Houston.},
	address = {Oxford},
	date-added = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	date-modified = {2024-10-04 11:01:05 -0500},
	editor = {Ferrin, Monica and Kriesi, Hanspeter},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	title = {How Europeans View and Evaluate Democracy},
	year = {2016}}

@article{FlanaganEtAl2005,
	abstract = {The open-ended responses of 701 7th to 12th graders to the question ``What does democracy mean to you?'' were analyzed. In logistic regressions, age, parental education, political discussions, and participation in extracurricular activities distinguished youth who could define democracy (53\%) from those who could not. Case clustering revealed three emphases in youths' definitions: individual rights (30\%), representative rule (40\%), and civic equality (30\%). These clusters did not vary by parental education or ethnicity, but several values that youth endorsed varied by parental education. Controlling for parental education, there were significant differences in adolescents' reports of familial and personal values in the three clusters. Scheffe tests revealed that the equality cluster endorsed less materialism than other clusters, more environmental responsibility than the individual rights cluster, and more social responsibility than the representative rule cluster. In contrast, the individual rights cluster was most likely to report that social vigilance was emphasized in their families.},
	author = {Flanagan, Constance A. and Gallay, Leslie S. and Gill, Sukhdeep and Gallay, Erin and Nti, Naana},
	date = {2005-03-01},
	date-added = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	date-modified = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	file = {D:\zotero_system\storage\3B3LNFV9\ FlanaganEtAl 2005_What Does Democracy Mean Correlates of Adolescents' Views.pdf},
	issn = {0743-5584},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Adolescent Research},
	langid = {english},
	number = {2},
	pages = {193--218},
	publisher = {SAGE Publications Inc},
	shorttitle = {What Does Democracy Mean?},
	title = {What Does Democracy Mean?: Correlates of Adolescents' Views},
	urldate = {2024-09-24},
	volume = {20},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558404273377}}

@article{Franzosi1987,
	author = {Franzosi, Roberto},
	date = {1987},
	date-added = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	date-modified = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	journaltitle = {Historical Methods: A Journal of Quantitative and Interdisciplinary History},
	number = {1},
	pages = {5--16},
	title = {The Press as a Source of Socio-Historical Data: Issues in the Methodology of Data Collection from Newspapers},
	volume = {20}}

@article{GelmanLoken2014,
	author = {Gelman, Andrew and Loken, Eric},
	date = {2014},
	date-added = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	date-modified = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	eprint = {43707868},
	eprinttype = {jstor},
	journaltitle = {American Scientist},
	number = {6},
	pages = {460--465},
	title = {The Statistical Crisis in Science},
	volume = {102}}

@article{Grimmer2015,
	abstract = {//static.cambridge.org/content/id/urn\%3Acambridge.org\%3Aid\%3Aarticle\%3AS1049096514001784/resource/name/firstPage-S1049096514001784a.jpg},
	author = {Grimmer, Justin},
	date = {2015-01},
	date-added = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	date-modified = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	file = {D:\Nutstore\01_Literature\Grimmer2015_We Are All Social Scientists Now.pdf},
	issn = {1049-0965, 1537-5935},
	journaltitle = {PS: Political Science \& Politics},
	langid = {english},
	number = {1},
	pages = {80--83},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	shorttitle = {We Are All Social Scientists Now},
	title = {We Are All Social Scientists Now: How Big Data, Machine Learning, and Causal Inference Work Together},
	urldate = {2023-06-25},
	volume = {48},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049096514001784}}

@article{GrossmanPedahzur2021,
	abstract = {Replicability in political science is on the rise, as disciplinary journals have been placing a growing emphasis on data access and research transparency (DA--RT) practices and policies. As a result, nearly every article that is published today in leading political science journals offers an online appendix that includes data, code, and methodological explanations necessary for replication. While these developments are laudable, many appendices still do not enable satisfactory replication because they are inaccessible, compartmentalized, and difficult to understand. In this article and in its accompanying online appendix, we demonstrate this problem and make the case for more accessible and comprehensive appendices whose contribution can fulfill and go beyond mere replicability. We propose several ways in which authors and journals can produce better appendices, namely, by making appendices more intuitive, integrated, and standardized, and by choosing an adequate online platform on which to create and host the appendix.},
	author = {Grossman, Jonathan and Pedahzur, Ami},
	date = {2021-09},
	date-added = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	date-modified = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	file = {D:\Nutstore\01_Literature\Grossman_Pedahzur2021_Can We Do Better.pdf},
	issn = {1537-5927, 1541-0986},
	journaltitle = {Perspectives on Politics},
	langid = {english},
	number = {3},
	pages = {906--911},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	shorttitle = {Can We Do Better?},
	title = {Can We Do Better? Replication and Online Appendices in Political Science},
	urldate = {2022-02-18},
	volume = {19},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592720001206}}

@article{HerndonEtAl2014,
	abstract = {We replicate Reinhart and Rogoff (2010A and 2010B) and find that selective exclusion of available data, coding errors and inappropriate weighting of summary statistics lead to serious miscalculations that inaccurately represent the relationship between public debt and GDP growth among 20 advanced economies. Over 1946--2009, countries with public debt/GDP ratios above 90\% averaged 2.2\% real annual GDP growth, not -0.1\% as published. The published results for (i) median GDP growth rates for the 1946--2009 period and (ii) mean and median GDP growth figures over 1790--2009 are all distorted by similar methodological errors, although the magnitudes of the distortions are somewhat smaller than with the mean figures for 1946--2009. Contrary to Reinhart and Rogoff's broader contentions, both mean and median GDP growth when public debt levels exceed 90\% of GDP are not dramatically different from when the public debt/GDP ratios are lower. The relationship between public debt and GDP growth varies significantly by period and country. Our overall evidence refutes RR's claim that public debt/GDP ratios above 90\% consistently reduce a country's GDP growth.},
	author = {Herndon, Thomas and Ash, Michael and Pollin, Robert},
	bdsk-url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cje/bet075},
	date = {2014},
	date-added = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	date-modified = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	journaltitle = {Cambridge Journal of Economics},
	number = {2},
	pages = {257--279},
	title = {Does High Public Debt Consistently Stifle Economic Growth? A Critique of Reinhart and Rogoff},
	volume = {38}}

@article{JanzFreese2021,
	abstract = {//static.cambridge.org/content/id/urn\%3Acambridge.org\%3Aid\%3Aarticle\%3AS1049096520000943/resource/name/firstPage-S1049096520000943a.jpg},
	author = {Janz, Nicole and Freese, Jeremy},
	date = {2021-04},
	date-added = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	date-modified = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	file = {D:\Nutstore\01_Literature\Janz_Freese2021_Replicate Others as You Would Like to Be Replicated Yourself.pdf},
	issn = {1049-0965, 1537-5935},
	journaltitle = {PS: Political Science \& Politics},
	langid = {english},
	number = {2},
	pages = {305--308},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	title = {Replicate Others as You Would like to Be Replicated Yourself},
	urldate = {2022-06-23},
	volume = {54},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049096520000943}}

@article{JohnsonEtAl2017,
	abstract = {In this paper, we initiate a discussion within the Canadian political science community about research openness and its implications for our discipline. This discussion is important because the Tri-Agency has recently released guidelines on data management and because a number of political science journals, from several subfields, have signed the Journal Editors' Transparency Statement requiring data access and research transparency (DA-RT). As norms regarding research openness develop, an increasing number and range of journals and funding agencies may begin to implement DA-RT-type requirements. If Canadian political scientists wish to continue to participate in the global political science community, we must take careful note of and be proactive participants in the ongoing developments concerning research openness., Dans cet article nous amor\c cons une discussion au sein de la communaut\'e canadienne de science politique sur l'ouverture de la recherche et ses incidences pour notre discipline. Cette discussion est importante en raison de la publication r\'ecente des lignes directrices sur la gestion des donn\'ees par les trois organismes ainsi que de la d\'eclaration souscrite par plusieurs journaux de science politique, dans plusieurs sous-domaines, pr\^onant l'accessibilit\'e des donn\'ees et la transparence en recherche (DA-RT). \`A mesure que les normes concernant les pratiques d'ouverture s'\'elaborent, un \'eventail et un nombre croissant de revues sp\'ecialis\'ees et d'organismes de financement de la recherche peuvent commencer \`a mettre en \oe uvre des exigences de type DA-RT. Si les politologues canadiens souhaitent continuer \`a faire partie de la communaut\'e mondiale de science politique, il convient de prendre soigneusement note des \'evolutions en cours concernant l'ouverture de la recherche et en \^etre des participants proactifs.},
	author = {Johnson, Genevieve Fuji and Pickup, Mark and family=Rooij, given=Eline A., prefix=de, useprefix=false and L\'eger, R\'emi},
	date = {2017-03},
	date-added = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	date-modified = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	file = {D:\Nutstore\01_Literature\Johnson et al2017_Research Openness in Canadian Political Science - Toward an Inclusive and.pdf},
	issn = {0008-4239, 1744-9324},
	journaltitle = {Canadian Journal of Political Science/Revue canadienne de science politique},
	langid = {english},
	number = {1},
	pages = {311--328},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	shorttitle = {Research Openness in Canadian Political Science},
	title = {Research Openness in Canadian Political Science: Toward an Inclusive and Differentiated Discussion},
	urldate = {2022-06-23},
	volume = {50},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008423917000026}}

@article{KapiszewskiKarcher2021,
	abstract = {//static.cambridge.org/content/id/urn\%3Acambridge.org\%3Aid\%3Aarticle\%3AS1049096520000955/resource/name/firstPage-S1049096520000955a.jpg},
	author = {Kapiszewski, Diana and Karcher, Sebastian},
	date = {2021-04},
	date-added = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	date-modified = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	file = {D:\Nutstore\01_Literature\Kapiszewski_Karcher2021_Transparency in Practice in Qualitative Research.pdf},
	issn = {1049-0965, 1537-5935},
	journaltitle = {PS: Political Science \& Politics},
	keywords = {qualitative,replication},
	langid = {english},
	number = {2},
	pages = {285--291},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	title = {Transparency in Practice in Qualitative Research},
	urldate = {2023-05-20},
	volume = {54},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049096520000955}}

@article{KastellecLeoni2007,
	author = {Kastellec, Jonathan P. and Leoni, Eduardo L.},
	date = {2007},
	date-added = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	date-modified = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	file = {D:\zotero_system\storage\TPMM85LP\Kastellec_Leoni2007_Using graphs instead of tables in political science.pdf},
	ids = {KastellecLeoni2007a},
	journaltitle = {Perspectives on Politics},
	number = {04},
	pages = {755--771},
	publisher = {[object Object]},
	timestamp = {2019-12-31T01:23:47Z},
	title = {Using Graphs Instead of Tables in Political Science},
	volume = {5}}

@article{Kolczynska2022,
	abstract = {Ex-post harmonization of survey data creates new opportunities for research by extending the geographical and/or time coverage of analyses. Researchers increasingly combine data from different survey projects to analyze them as a single dataset, and while teams engaged in data harmonization continue to expand the information they provide to end users, there are still no commonly agreed standards for the documentation of data processing. Existing harmonization project typically opt for recode scripts that are generally hard to read, modify, and reuse, although some projects make efforts to facilitate verification and reproduction. This paper describes an alternative procedure and a set of simple tools for the exploration, recoding, and documentation of harmonization of survey data, relying on crosswalks. The presented tools are flexible and software-agnostic. The illustrative example uses the programming language R and spreadsheets---both common software choices among social scientists. Harmonization of variables on trust in institutions from four major cross-national survey projects serves as an illustration of the proposed workflow and of opportunities harmonization creates.},
	author = {Ko\l czy\'nska, Marta},
	date = {2022},
	date-added = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	date-modified = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	journaltitle = {Methodological Innovations},
	number = {1},
	pages = {62--72},
	title = {Combining Multiple Survey Sources: A Reproducible Workflow and Toolbox for Survey Data Harmonization},
	volume = {15}}

@article{Lipset1959,
	abstract = {The conditions associated with the existence and stability of democratic society have been a leading concern of political philosophy. In this paper the problem is attacked from a sociological and behavioral standpoint, by presenting a number of hypotheses concerning some social requisites for democracy, and by discussing some of the data available to test these hypotheses. In its concern with conditions---values, social institutions, historical events---external to the political system itself which sustain different general types of political systems, the paper moves outside the generally recognized province of political sociology. This growing field has dealt largely with the internal analysis of organizations with political goals, or with the determinants of action within various political institutions, such as parties, government agencies, or the electoral process. It has in the main left to the political philosopher the larger concern with the relations of the total political system to society as a whole.},
	author = {Lipset, Seymour Martin},
	date = {1959-03},
	date-added = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	date-modified = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	issn = {1537-5943, 0003-0554},
	journaltitle = {American Political Science Review},
	keywords = {antijapan},
	langid = {english},
	number = {1},
	pages = {69--105},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	shorttitle = {Some Social Requisites of Democracy},
	timestamp = {2019-09-13T01:25:09Z},
	title = {Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy1},
	volume = {53},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.2307/1951731}}

@article{Lohr2014,
	abstract = {The analysis of giant data sets promises unique business insights, but much manual effort is still required to prepare the information for parsing.},
	author = {Lohr, Steve},
	date = {2014-08-18},
	date-added = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	date-modified = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	entrysubtype = {newspaper},
	issn = {0362-4331},
	journalsubtitle = {Technology},
	journaltitle = {The New York Times},
	langid = {english},
	title = {For Big-Data Scientists, `Janitor Work' Is Key Hurdle to Insights},
	urldate = {2023-06-25}}

@book{LuChu2022,
	abstract = {The rise of authoritarian populism and declining popular confidence in democratic institutions has, of late, prompted many declarations that democracy is in crisis. Nevertheless, democracy still enjoys its supremacy in contemporary political discourse, with limited meaningful alternatives. Few of today's authoritarian leaders publicly denounce democracy; instead, they are more inclined to present their regimes as democracies. Furthermore, public opinion surveys show that ordinary citizens still widely and deeply appreciate democracy, even in societies with limited practice of democracy. Democracy is still the "only game" in contemporary political discourse. Given the popularity of democracy, the hotly debated and discussed crisis of democracy is puzzling. If most people love democracy and politicians have to live with democracy (whether they like it or not), how can democracy be in trouble? More specifically, if people love democracy, shouldn't they despise authoritarian leaders and regimes, or even join the advocates of democracy to rebel against authoritarianism?To address these questions, Understandings of Democracy looks at both the practices of political elites and key dynamics that drive mass attitudes and behaviors. Jie Lu and Yun-han Chu argue that mass attitudes and behaviors are greatly affected by how people understand democracy. More specifically, they make the following arguments: people hold distinct understandings of democracy; popular conceptions of democracy are significantly shaped by surrounding socioeconomic and political contexts; such varying conceptions generate different baselines for people to assess democratic practices and to establish their views of democracy; and such distinct conceptions also drive political participation in different ways. Overall, popular understandings of democracy shape how citizens respond to authoritarian or populist practices and offer significant explanatory power for understanding why democracy is in trouble in today's world, even when most people profess to love democracy. Using large-scale comparative surveys and survey experiments from seventy-two societies and a national survey in the United States, Understandings of Democracy captures how people respond when presented with the tradeoffs between the intrinsic and instrumental values of democracy, as well as the attitudinal and behavioral implications of such responses.},
	author = {Lu, Jie and Chu, Yun-han},
	date = {2022-03-24},
	date-added = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	date-modified = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	file = {D\:\\zotero_system\\storage\\WNA5UKI5\\ LuChu2021_Understandings of Democracy Origins and Consequences Beyond Western Democracies.pdf;D\:\\zotero_system\\storage\\92TNKVPF\\understandings-of-democracy-9780197570401.html},
	ids = {LuChu2021},
	isbn = {978-0-19-757040-1},
	location = {Oxford, New York},
	pagetotal = {240},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	shorttitle = {Understandings of Democracy},
	title = {Understandings of Democracy: Origins and Consequences beyond Western Democracies}}

@article{LuDickson2020,
	abstract = {Easton's framework for theorizing political support continues to be influential for pertinent research. However, due to the complexity of Easton's arguments, there is some confusion on how to classify and measure political support in existing research. Building upon Easton's arguments, we propose a two-dimensional cognitive framework to examine political support, which not only adequately captures Easton's essential arguments but also effectively incorporates recent findings in cognitive psychology. Using the framework and multiple national surveys, we assess different instruments widely used to measure regime support in China. We clarify some confusion in the operationalization of political support, establish the salience of institutional settings in shaping its latent structure, assess key survey instruments of regime support, and offer guidelines on how to appropriately interpret related findings.},
	author = {Lu, Jie and Dickson, Bruce},
	date = {2020-07-01},
	date-added = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	date-modified = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	file = {D:\Nutstore\01_Literature\Lu_Dickson2020_Revisiting the Eastonian Framework on Political Support - Assessing Different.pdf},
	journaltitle = {Comparative Politics},
	number = {4},
	pages = {671--701},
	shortjournal = {Comparative Politics},
	shorttitle = {Revisiting the Eastonian Framework on Political Support},
	title = {Revisiting the Eastonian Framework on Political Support: Assessing Different Measures of Regime Support in Mainland China},
	volume = {52},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.5129/001041520X15810803375925}}

@article{Lupia2021,
	abstract = {//static.cambridge.org/content/id/urn\%3Acambridge.org\%3Aid\%3Aarticle\%3AS1049096520000979/resource/name/firstPage-S1049096520000979a.jpg},
	author = {Lupia, Arthur},
	date = {2021-04},
	date-added = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	date-modified = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	file = {D:\Nutstore\01_Literature\Lupia2021_Practical and Ethical Reasons for Pursuing a More Open Science.pdf},
	issn = {1049-0965, 1537-5935},
	journaltitle = {PS: Political Science \& Politics},
	langid = {english},
	number = {2},
	pages = {301--304},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	title = {Practical and Ethical Reasons for Pursuing a More Open Science},
	urldate = {2023-05-20},
	volume = {54},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049096520000979}}

@article{LupiaAlter2014,
	abstract = {The number of people conducting scientific analyses and the number of topics being studied are higher than ever. At the same time, there are questions about the public value of social scientific endeavors, particularly of federally funded quantitative research (Prewitt 2013). In this article, we contend that data access and research transparency are essential to the public value of the enterprise as a whole and to the credibility of the growing number of individuals who conduct such research (also see Esterling 2013).},
	author = {Lupia, Arthur and Alter, George},
	date = {2014-01},
	date-added = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	date-modified = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	file = {D:\Nutstore\01_Literature\Lupia_Alter2014_Data Access and Research Transparency in the Quantitative Tradition.pdf},
	issn = {1049-0965, 1537-5935},
	journaltitle = {PS: Political Science \& Politics},
	keywords = {dart},
	langid = {english},
	number = {1},
	pages = {54--59},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	title = {Data Access and Research Transparency in the Quantitative Tradition},
	urldate = {2022-04-12},
	volume = {47},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049096513001728}}

@article{NosekEtAl2015,
	author = {Nosek, B. A. and Alter, G. and Banks, G. C. and Borsboom, D. and Bowman, S. D. and Breckler, S. J. and Buck, S. and Chambers, C. D. and Chin, G. and Christensen, G. and Contestabile, M. and Dafoe, A. and Eich, E. and Freese, J. and Glennerster, R. and Goroff, D. and Green, D. P. and Hesse, B. and Humphreys, M. and Ishiyama, J. and Karlan, D. and Kraut, A. and Lupia, A. and Mabry, P. and Madon, T. and Malhotra, N. and Mayo-Wilson, E. and McNutt, M. and Miguel, E. and Paluck, E. Levy and Simonsohn, U. and Soderberg, C. and Spellman, B. A. and Turitto, J. and VandenBos, G. and Vazire, S. and Wagenmakers, E. J. and Wilson, R. and Yarkoni, T.},
	date = {2015-06-26},
	date-added = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	date-modified = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	file = {D:\Nutstore\01_Literature\Nosek et al2015_Promoting an open research culture.pdf},
	journaltitle = {Science},
	langid = {english},
	number = {6242},
	pages = {1422--1425},
	publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science},
	title = {Promoting an Open Research Culture},
	urldate = {2023-06-25},
	volume = {348},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aab2374}}

@article{Pan2018china,
	author = {Pan, Jennifer and Xu, Yiqing},
	date-added = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	date-modified = {2024-12-17 18:40:07 -0600},
	journal = {Journal of Politics},
	number = {1},
	pages = {254--273},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press Chicago, IL},
	title = {China's ideological spectrum},
	volume = {80},
	year = {2018}}

@article{PaulsenEtAl2012,
	abstract = {Background The clinical and scientific usage of patient-reported outcome measures is increasing in the health services. Often paper forms are used. Manual double entry of data is defined as the definitive gold standard for transferring data to an electronic format, but the process is laborious. Automated forms processing may be an alternative, but further validation is warranted. Methods 200 patients were randomly selected from a cohort of 5777 patients who had previously answered two different questionnaires. The questionnaires were scanned using an automated forms processing technique, as well as processed by single and double manual data entry, using the EpiData Entry data entry program. The main outcome measure was the proportion of correctly entered numbers at question, form and study level. Results Manual double-key data entry (error proportion per 1000 fields = 0.046 (95\% CI: 0.001--0.258)) performed better than single-key data entry (error proportion per 1000 fields = 0.370 (95\% CI: 0.160--0.729), (p = 0.020)). There was no statistical difference between Optical Mark Recognition (error proportion per 1000 fields = 0.046 (95\% CI: 0.001--0.258)) and double-key data entry (p = 1.000). With the Intelligent Character Recognition method, there was no statistical difference compared to single-key data entry (error proportion per 1000 fields = 6.734 (95\% CI: 0.817--24.113), (p = 0.656)), as well as double-key data entry (error proportion per 1000 fields = 3.367 (95\% CI: 0.085--18.616)), (p = 0.319)). Conclusions Automated forms processing is a valid alternative to double manual data entry for highly structured forms containing only check boxes, numerical codes and no dates. Automated forms processing can be superior to single manual data entry through a data entry program, depending on the method chosen.},
	author = {Paulsen, Aksel and Overgaard, S\o ren and Lauritsen, Jens Martin},
	date = {2012-04},
	date-added = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	date-modified = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	journaltitle = {PLOS ONE},
	number = {4},
	pages = {1--6},
	title = {Quality of Data Entry Using Single Entry, Double Entry and Automated Forms Processing--an Example Based on a Study of Patient-Reported Outcomes},
	volume = {7}}

@article{PetersonEtAl2022,
	author = {Peterson, David A. M. and Miller, Joanne M. and Saunders, Kyle L. and McClurg, Scott D.},
	date = {2022},
	date-added = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	date-modified = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	file = {D:\zotero_system\storage\NUKQ4QN5\Peterson et al2022_Macrointerest.pdf},
	journaltitle = {British Journal of Political Science},
	number = {1},
	pages = {200--220},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	title = {Macrointerest},
	volume = {52}}

@article{ReinhartRogoff2010,
	author = {Reinhart, Carmen M. and Rogoff, Kenneth S.},
	bdsk-url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.100.2.573},
	date = {2010},
	date-added = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	date-modified = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	journaltitle = {American Economic Review},
	number = {2},
	pages = {573--78},
	title = {Growth in a Time of Debt},
	volume = {100}}

@article{RinkeWuttke2021,
	abstract = {//static.cambridge.org/content/id/urn\%3Acambridge.org\%3Aid\%3Aarticle\%3AS1049096520001729/resource/name/firstPage-S1049096520001729a.jpg},
	author = {Rinke, Eike Mark and Wuttke, Alexander},
	date = {2021-04},
	date-added = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	date-modified = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	file = {D:\Nutstore\01_Literature\Rinke_Wuttke2021_Open Minds, Open Methods - Transparency and Inclusion in Pursuit of Better.pdf},
	issn = {1049-0965, 1537-5935},
	journaltitle = {PS: Political Science \& Politics},
	langid = {english},
	number = {2},
	pages = {281--284},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	shorttitle = {Open Minds, Open Methods},
	title = {Open Minds, Open Methods: Transparency and Inclusion in Pursuit of Better Scholarship},
	urldate = {2022-06-23},
	volume = {54},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049096520001729}}

@article{RohlfingEtAl2021,
	abstract = {//static.cambridge.org/content/id/urn\%3Acambridge.org\%3Aid\%3Aarticle\%3AS1049096520001717/resource/name/firstPage-S1049096520001717a.jpg},
	author = {Rohlfing, Ingo and K\"onigshofen, Lea and Krenzer, Susanne and Schwalbach, Jan and R, Ayjeren Bekmuratovna},
	date = {2021-04},
	date-added = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	date-modified = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	file = {D:\Nutstore\01_Literature\Rohlfing et al2021_A Reproduction Analysis of 106 Articles Using Qualitative Comparative Analysis,.pdf},
	issn = {1049-0965, 1537-5935},
	journaltitle = {PS: Political Science \& Politics},
	keywords = {qualitative,replication},
	langid = {english},
	number = {2},
	pages = {292--296},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	title = {A Reproduction Analysis of 106 Articles Using Qualitative Comparative Analysis, 2016--2018},
	urldate = {2023-05-20},
	volume = {54},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049096520001717}}

@inproceedings{SextonEtAl2019,
	author = {Sexton, Thurston and Hodkiewicz, Melinda and Brundage, Michael P},
	booktitle = {Annual Conference of the PHM Society},
	date = {2019},
	date-added = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	date-modified = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	number = {1},
	title = {Categorization Errors for Data Entry in Maintenance Work-Orders},
	volume = {11}}

@article{Solt2020b,
	abstract = {Objective This article documents wide-ranging revisions to the Standardized World Income Inequality Database (SWIID), which seeks to maximize the comparability of income inequality estimates for the broadest possible coverage of countries and years. Methods Two k-fold cross-validations, by observation and by country, are used to evaluate the SWIID's success in predicting the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS), recognized in the field as setting the standard for comparability. Results The cross-validations indicate that the new SWIID's estimates and their uncertainty are even more accurate than previous versions, extending its advantage in comparability over alternate income inequality data sets. Conclusion Given its superior coverage and comparability, the SWIID remains the optimum source of data for broadly cross-national research on income inequality.},
	author = {Solt, Frederick},
	date = {2020},
	date-added = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	date-modified = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	file = {D\:\\Nutstore\\01_Literature\\Solt2020_Measuring Income Inequality Across Countries and Over Time.pdf;D\:\\Nutstore\\01_Literature\\Solt2020_Measuring Income Inequality Across Countries and Over Time2.pdf},
	issn = {1540-6237},
	issue = {3},
	journaltitle = {Social Science Quarterly},
	langid = {english},
	number = {3},
	pages = {1183--1199},
	shorttitle = {Measuring Income Inequality across Countries and over Time},
	title = {Measuring Income Inequality across Countries and over Time: The Standardized World Income Inequality Database},
	urldate = {2022-04-06},
	volume = {101},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12795}}

@article{SoltEtAl2016,
	abstract = {How does the context of income inequality in which people live affect their belief in meritocracy, the ability to get ahead through hard work? A prominent recent study by Newman, Johnston, and Lown argues that, consistent with the conflict theory, exposure to higher levels of local income inequality leads lower-income people to become more likely to reject---and higher-income people to become more likely to accept---the dominant United States ideology of meritocracy. Here, we show that this conclusion is not supported by the studys own reported results and that even these results depend on pooling three distinctly different measures of meritocracy into a single analysis. We then demonstrate that analysis of a larger and more representative survey employing a single consistent measure of the dependent variable yields the opposite conclusion. Consistent with the relative power theory, among those with lower incomes, local contexts of greater inequality are associated with more widespread belief that people can get ahead if they are willing to work hard.},
	author = {Solt, Frederick and Hu, Yue and Hudson, Kevan and Song, Jungmin and Yu, Dong "Erico"},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	date = {2016},
	date-added = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	date-modified = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	eprint = {http://rap.sagepub.com/content/3/4/2053168016672101.full.pdf},
	file = {D:\zotero_system\storage\NIHKFLAD\Solt et al2016_Economic inequality and belief in meritocracy in the united states.pdf},
	issue = {4},
	journaltitle = {Research \& Politics},
	keywords = {Inequality},
	langid = {english},
	number = {4},
	pages = {1--7},
	publisher = {SAGE Publications},
	timestamp = {2021-02-02T03:00:35Z},
	title = {Economic Inequality and Belief in Meritocracy in the United States},
	volume = {3},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1177/2053168016672101}}

@article{SoltEtAl2017,
	author = {Solt, Frederick and Hu, Yue and Hudson, Kevan and Song, Jungmin and Yu, Dong "Erico"},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	date = {2017-07},
	date-added = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	date-modified = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	file = {D:\zotero_system\storage\7LIZMBEA\Solt et al2017_Economic inequality and class consciousness.pdf},
	issn = {0022-3816, 1468-2508},
	issue = {3},
	journaltitle = {The Journal of Politics},
	langid = {english},
	number = {3},
	pages = {1079--1083},
	timestamp = {2021-02-02T03:00:25Z},
	title = {Economic Inequality and Class Consciousness},
	volume = {79},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1086/690971}}

@software{SoltEtAl2019,
	abstract = {Collects and formats public opinion data for use in estimating cross-national latent variables.},
	author = {Solt, Frederick and Hu, Yue and Tai, Yuehong},
	date = {2019},
	date-added = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	date-modified = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	title = {DCPOtools: Tools for Dynamic Comparative Public Opinion},
	urldate = {2022-02-18},
	version = {0.1.0}}

@software{SoltHu2015,
	author = {Solt, Frederick and Hu, Yue},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	date = {2015},
	date-added = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	date-modified = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	howpublished = {Available at The Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN)},
	location = {Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN)},
	timestamp = {2021-01-16T09:11:27Z},
	title = {Dotwhisker: Dot-and-Whisker Plots of Regression Results},
	urldate = {2016-09-20}}

@misc{Torres2017,
	author = {Torres, Rachel},
	date = {2017-07-17},
	date-added = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	date-modified = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	howpublished = {Twitter},
	title = {Me: Shouldn't There Be Someone in a Basement That We Just Pay to Do All This Awful Data Cleaning? Advisor: That's Who You Are.}}

@article{Treier2009nature,
	author = {Treier, Shawn and Hillygus, D Sunshine},
	date-added = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	date-modified = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
	number = {4},
	pages = {679--703},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	title = {The nature of political ideology in the contemporary electorate},
	volume = {73},
	year = {2009}}

@article{Troeger2019,
	author = {Troeger, Vera},
	date = {2019-09},
	date-added = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	date-modified = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	journaltitle = {Swiss Political Science Review},
	number = {3},
	pages = {281--287},
	title = {To P or Not to P? The Usefulness of P-Values in Quantitative Political Science Research},
	volume = {25}}

@book{Weidmann2023,
	abstract = {The 'data revolution' offers many new opportunities for research in the social sciences. Increasingly, social and political interactions can be recorded digitally, leading to vast amounts of new data available for research. This poses new challenges for organizing and processing research data. This comprehensive introduction covers the entire range of data management techniques, from flat files to database management systems. It demonstrates how established techniques and technologies from computer science can be applied in social science projects, drawing on a wide range of different applied examples. This book covers simple tools such as spreadsheets and file-based data storage and processing, as well as more powerful data management software like relational databases. It goes on to address advanced topics such as spatial data, text as data, and network data. This book is one of the first to discuss questions of practical data management specifically for social science projects. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.},
	author = {Weidmann, Nils B.},
	date = {2023},
	date-added = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	date-modified = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	file = {D:\Nutstore\01_Literature\Weidmann2023_Data Management for Social Scientists2.pdf},
	isbn = {978-1-108-84567-0},
	langid = {english},
	location = {Cambridge},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	series = {Methodological Tools in the Social Sciences},
	shorttitle = {Data Management for Social Scientists},
	title = {Data Management for Social Scientists: From Files to Databases},
	urldate = {2023-05-20},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108990424}}

@article{Welzel2023,
	abstract = {//static.cambridge.org/content/id/urn\%3Acambridge.org\%3Aid\%3Aarticle\%3AS1537592723000555/resource/name/firstPage-S1537592723000555a.jpg},
	author = {Welzel, Christian},
	date = {2023-06},
	date-added = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	date-modified = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	file = {D:\zotero_system\storage\RJDU47E2\ Welzel2023_Understandings of Democracy Origins and Consequences Beyond Western Democracies. By Jie Lu and Yun-.pdf},
	issn = {1537-5927, 1541-0986},
	journaltitle = {Perspectives on Politics},
	langid = {english},
	number = {2},
	pages = {770--772},
	shorttitle = {Understandings of Democracy},
	title = {Understandings of Democracy: Origins and Consequences Beyond Western Democracies. By Jie Lu and Yun-Han Chu. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2022. 232p. \$49.95 Cloth.},
	urldate = {2024-08-16},
	volume = {21},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592723000555}}

@book{WickhamGrolemund2017,
	author = {Wickham, Hadley and Grolemund, Garrett},
	date = {2017},
	date-added = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	date-modified = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	location = {Boston},
	publisher = {O'Reilly},
	title = {R for Data Science}}

@article{Wuttke2019,
	abstract = {Witnessing the ongoing ``credibility revolutions''in other disciplines, political science should also engage in meta-scientific introspection. Theoretically, this commentary describes why scientists in academia's current incentive system work against their self-interest if they prioritize research credibility. Empirically, a comprehensive review of meta-scientific research with a focus on quantitative political science demonstrates that threats to the credibility of political science findings are systematic and real. Yet, the review also shows the discipline's recent progress toward more credible research. The commentary proposes specific institutional changes to better align individual researcher rationality with the collective good of verifiable, robust, and valid scientific results.},
	author = {Wuttke, Alexander},
	date = {2019-03},
	date-added = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	date-modified = {2024-10-03 16:13:44 -0500},
	journaltitle = {Politische Vierteljahresschrift},
	number = {1},
	pages = {1--19},
	title = {Why Too Many Political Science Findings Cannot Be Trusted and What We Can Do about It: A Review of Meta-Scientific Research and a Call for Academic Reform},
	volume = {60}}

@article{Jacob2024,
	abstract = {Abstract Anti-pluralist parties have come to power in democracies around the world. However, only a subset of them have induced democratic backsliding while in government, raising the question of why some anti-pluralist governments subvert democracy while others are more reluctant. I argue that anti-pluralist incumbents undermine democratic institutions most severely during times of weak citizen support for democracy. In such settings, anti-pluralist parties in power face a low risk of voter punishment and public backlash. By contrast, in democracies where citizens' commitment to democratic rule is strong, the cost of attacking democratic institutions for incumbents is considerably higher, making democratic backsliding less likely. I test this theory by combining data from public opinion surveys, party systems and democratic downturns in 100 democracies and implement dynamic time-series cross-section models covering the period from 1990 to 2019. Consistent with expectations, periods in which anti-pluralist parties are in government during times of weak citizen support for democracy predict episodes of democratic decline. These findings have implications for the potential of citizens to constrain anti-pluralist incumbents in pursuing undemocratic reforms.},
	author = {Jacob, Marc S.},
	date-added = {2024-10-03 10:17:48 -0500},
	date-modified = {2024-10-03 10:20:06 -0500},
	journal = {European Journal of Political Research},
	pages = {1-26},
	title = {Citizen Support for Democracy, Anti-Pluralist Parties in Power and Democratic Backsliding},
	volume = {Early View},
	year = {2024},
	bdsk-file-1 = {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},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://ejpr.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1475-6765.12703},
	bdsk-url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12703}}

@book{Dahl1971,
	address = {New Haven},
	author = {Dahl, Robert A.},
	date-added = {2023-02-10 13:30:37 -0600},
	date-modified = {2023-02-10 13:30:37 -0600},
	note = {on file},
	owner = {fredsolt},
	pages = {257},
	publisher = {Yale University Press},
	title = {Polyarchy: {P}articipation and {O}pposition},
	year = {1971},
	bdsk-file-1 = {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}}

@article{KiewietdeJonge2016,
	abstract = {{Surveys conducted in new democracies generally demonstrate supermajoritarian support for democracy as a system of government. This consistent finding has led many to argue that standard questions overstate actual support for liberal democratic institutions and should be abandoned. However, such contentions have not been subject to systematic analysis, leaving it unclear whether ``democracy'' questions provide useful information for researchers. This study tests three main arguments advanced against standard questions using data from original survey experiments implemented in Honduras and from LAPOP surveys conducted in nineteen Latin American countries. The analysis demonstrates that support for democracy is overstated, and that the prime factor accounting for artificially high support is that respondents tend to focus on regimes in the abstract rather than in practice. In contrast, differential understandings of what ``democracy'' means and social desirability pressures are less likely to explain exaggerated support. Although the abstraction problem leads to substantively large and statistically significant aggregate-level biases with important implications for studies of mass attitudes and regime outcomes, broad conclusions from multivariate analyses predicting democratic support at the individual level remain largely unaffected, suggesting that the standard items remain useful to researchers.}},
	author = {Kiewiet de Jonge, Chad P.},
	date-added = {2023-02-08 14:37:44 -0600},
	date-modified = {2023-02-09 10:13:43 -0600},
	journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
	month = {05},
	number = {3},
	pages = {694-716},
	title = {{Should Researchers Abandon Questions about `Democracy'? Evidence from Latin America}},
	volume = {80},
	year = {2016},
	bdsk-file-1 = {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},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfw008}}

@article{Anderson2021,
	abstract = {{For decades, researchers have examined people's beliefs across countries and over time using national samples of citizens. Yet, in an era when economies, societies, and policymaking have become increasingly interconnected, nation-states may no longer be the only or most relevant units of analysis for studying public opinion. To examine what people think about politics on a global scale, we develop tools for measuring public opinion that allow us to transcend national and regional boundaries. Starting with the world as the unit of analysis and humans as the relevant population, we measure and then explore patterns and trends in human preferences for democratic government and political leaders with the help of surveys collected around the world since 1994.}},
	author = {Anderson, Christopher J and Bol, Damien and Ananda, Aurelia},
	date-added = {2023-02-08 13:55:08 -0600},
	date-modified = {2023-02-08 13:55:16 -0600},
	journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
	month = {11},
	number = {4},
	pages = {957-986},
	title = {{Humanity's Attitudes About Democracy and Political Leaders: Patterns and Trends}},
	volume = {85},
	year = {2021},
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	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfab056}}

@article{Wuttke2022,
	author = {Wuttke, Alexander and Gavras, Konstantin and Schoen, Harald},
	date-added = {2023-02-07 14:27:01 -0600},
	date-modified = {2023-02-07 14:27:01 -0600},
	journal = {British Journal of Political Science},
	number = {1},
	pages = {416-428},
	title = {Have Europeans Grown Tired of Democracy? New Evidence from Eighteen Consolidated Democracies, 1981--2018},
	volume = {52},
	year = {2022},
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	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123420000149}}

@article{Wuttke2020,
	author = {Wuttke, Alexander and Schimpf, Christian and Schoen, Harald},
	date-added = {2023-02-07 14:26:42 -0600},
	date-modified = {2023-02-07 14:26:42 -0600},
	journal = {American Political Science Review},
	number = {2},
	pages = {356--374},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	title = {When the Whole Is Greater than the Sum of Its Parts: On the Conceptualization and Measurement of Populist Attitudes and Other Multidimensional Constructs},
	volume = {114},
	year = {2020},
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	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055419000807}}

@article{Wuttke2020a,
	abstract = { A stable democratic society is unthinkable if its citizens oppose the principles of self-governance. Yet, recent studies suggest that citizens of consolidated democracies increasingly turn their backs on this system of government. Nonetheless, the evidence is mixed and mainly focuses on attitudes toward democracy as a generic concept, while less is known about mass support for the liberal variant of democracy. This study contributes to this debate by 1) analyzing citizen attitudes toward core elements of liberal democracy in addition to direct measures of democratic support and 2) separating age, period, and cohort effects. We investigated the development of democracy-related attitudes in probability-based samples collected in Germany from 1982 through 2018. Although Germany's Eastern region can be considered a likely case of democratic deconsolidation, the analysis did not provide evidence for a decline in support of democracy as a generic concept or its fundamental principles in West or East Germany. },
	author = {Alexander Wuttke and Konstantin Gavras and Harald Schoen},
	date-added = {2023-02-07 14:26:42 -0600},
	date-modified = {2023-02-07 14:26:42 -0600},
	eprint = {https://doi.org/10.1177/2053168019900822},
	journal = {Research \& Politics},
	number = {1},
	pages = {1-10},
	title = {Leader of the Free World or Pioneer in Democracy's Decline? Examining the Democratic Deconsolidation Hypothesis on the Mass Level in East and West Germany},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2020},
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	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1177/2053168019900822}}

@article{Woo2023,
	author = {Woo, Byung-Deuk and Allemang, Lindsey and Solt, Frederick},
	date-added = {2023-02-07 13:59:35 -0600},
	date-modified = {2024-10-16 12:44:17 -0500},
	journal = {British Journal of Political Science},
	number = {2},
	pages = {766--775},
	title = {Public {{Gender Egalitarianism}}: {{A Dataset}} of {{Dynamic Comparative Public Opinion Toward Egalitarian Gender Roles}} in the {{Public Sphere}}},
	volume = {53},
	year = {2023},
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	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123422000436}}

@article{Krishnarajan2022,
	author = {Krishnarajan, Suthan},
	date-added = {2023-02-07 13:28:11 -0600},
	date-modified = {2023-02-13 14:40:01 -0600},
	journal = {American Political Science Review},
	title = {Rationalizing Democracy: The Perceptual Bias and (Un)Democratic Behavior},
	volume = {FirstView},
	year = {2022},
	bdsk-file-1 = {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},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055422000806}}

@misc{Wuttke2022a,
	author = {Wuttke, Alexander},
	date-added = {2023-02-07 08:56:44 -0600},
	date-modified = {2023-02-07 08:56:44 -0600},
	month = {Aug},
	publisher = {SocArXiv},
	title = {Democratic Support as Truism: Ordinary Citizens' Vulnerability to Anti-democratic Temptations},
	year = {2022},
	bdsk-file-1 = {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},
	bdsk-url-1 = {osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/xueap},
	bdsk-url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/xueap}}

@article{Collier1997,
	abstract = {The recent trend toward democratization in countries across the globe has challenged scholars to pursue two potentially contradictory goals. On the one hand, they seek to increase analytic differentiation in order to capture the diverse forms of democracy that have emerged. On the other hand, they are concerned with conceptual validity. Specifically, they seek to avoid the problem of conceptual stretching that arises when the concept of democracy is applied to cases for which, by relevant scholarly standards, it is not appropriate. This article argues that the pursuit of these two goals has led to a proliferation of conceptual innovations, including numerous subtypes of democracy--that is to say, democracy "with adjectives." The article explores the strengths and weaknesses of alternative strategies of conceptual innovation that have emerged: descending and climbing Sartori's ladder of generality, generating "diminished" subtypes of democracy, "precising" the definition of democracy by adding defining attributes, and shifting the overarching concept with which democracy is associated. The goal of the analysis is to make more comprehensible the complex structure of these strategies, as well as to explore trade-offs among the strategies. Even when scholars proceed intuitively, rather than self-consciously, they tend to operate within this structure. Yet it is far more desirable for them to do so self-consciously, with a full awareness of these trade-offs.},
	author = {Collier, David and Levitsky, Steven},
	copyright = {Copyright 1997 The Johns Hopkins University Press},
	date-added = {2023-02-05 19:13:10 -0600},
	date-modified = {2023-02-05 19:13:10 -0600},
	group = {Research Note},
	issn = {1086-3338},
	journal = {World Politics},
	jstor_articletype = {Full Length Article},
	jstor_date = {199704},
	jstor_formatteddate = {Apr., 1997},
	month = {April},
	number = {3},
	pages = {430--451},
	publisher = {The Johns Hopkins University Press},
	title = {Democracy with Adjectives: Conceptual Innovation in Comparative Research},
	volume = {49},
	year = {1997},
	bdsk-url-1 = {http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/world_politics/v049/49.3collier.html}}

@article{Bryan2023,
	abstract = { Despite waves of democratic backsliding over the last decade, most global citizens still claim to support democracy. On the other hand, many citizens become more supportive of specific anti-democratic actions when their preferred political side can benefit. How, then, do citizens justify their consistent ``explicit support for democracy'' with their more malleable support for the implementation of liberal democracy? This paper uses cross-national survey data from 74 countries and two methods---a standard cross-sectional analysis and a within-country variation design---to show that a citizen's conceptualization of democracy, or what democracy means to them, is subject to partisan-motivated reasoning. In other words, citizens are more likely to conceptualize democracy in illiberal terms, like emphasizing the need for obeying authority, when their preferred political party is in power. The findings suggest one's conception of democracy can be a fluid attitude that citizens mold to match their partisan self-interest. },
	author = {James D. Bryan},
	date-added = {2023-01-30 12:42:54 -0600},
	date-modified = {2024-12-17 18:13:03 -0600},
	journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
	number = {10},
	pages = {1597-1627},
	title = {What Kind of Democracy Do We All Support? How Partisan Interest Impacts a Citizen's Conceptualization of Democracy},
	volume = {56},
	year = {2023},
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	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1177/00104140231152784}}

@article{Simonovits2022,
	author = {Simonovits, Gabor and McCoy, Jennifer and Littvay, Levente},
	date-added = {2023-01-29 15:11:05 -0600},
	date-modified = {2023-02-12 08:09:44 -0600},
	journal = {Journal of Politics},
	month = jan,
	number = {3},
	pages = {1806-1811},
	title = {Democratic {{Hypocrisy}} and {{Out-Group Threat}}: {{Explaining Citizen Support}} for {{Democratic Erosion}}},
	volume = {84},
	year = {2022},
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	bdsk-url-1 = {https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/719009},
	bdsk-url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1086/719009}}

@article{Adcock2001,
	abstract = {Scholars routinely make claims that presuppose the validity of the observations and measurements that operationalize their concepts. Yet, despite recent advances in political science methods, surprisingly little attention has been devoted to measurement validity. We address this gap by exploring four themes. First, we seek to establish a shared framework that allows quantitative and qualitative scholars to assess more effectively, and communicate about, issues of valid measurement. Second, we underscore the need to draw a clear distinction between measurement issues and disputes about concepts. Third, we discuss the contextual specificity of measurement claims, exploring a variety of measurement strategies that seek to combine generality and validity by devoting greater attention to context. Fourth, we address the proliferation of terms for alternative measurement validation procedures and offer an account of the three main types of validation most relevant to political scientists.},
	author = {Adcock, Rober and Collier, David},
	date-added = {2023-01-26 17:16:31 -0600},
	date-modified = {2023-01-26 17:16:31 -0600},
	journal = {American Political Science Review},
	number = {3},
	pages = {529--546},
	title = {Measurement Validity: A Shared Standard for Qualitative and Quantitative Research},
	volume = {95},
	year = {2001},
	bdsk-file-1 = {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},
	bdsk-url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3118231}}

@misc{Solt2020a,
	author = {Solt, Frederick},
	date-added = {2023-01-26 17:15:27 -0600},
	date-modified = {2023-01-26 17:15:27 -0600},
	howpublished = {Available at the Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN). \verb+https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=DCPO+},
	title = {DCPO: Dynamic Comparative Public Opinion},
	year = {2020}}

@article{Hu2024,
	abstract = {Prominent recent work argues that support for democracy behaves thermostatically---that democratic erosion boosts democratic support while deepening democracy yields public backlash---and further contends that there is no evidence for the classic argument that democracy itself increases democratic support over time. Here, we document how these conclusions depend on subtle choices in measurement coding that constitute ``researcher degrees of freedom'': analyses employing alternative reasonable choices provide little or no support for the original conclusions. The fragility of the statistical results demonstrates that researcher degrees of freedom in measurement must be taken seriously and that the question of the relationship between democratic institutions and democratic support remains unsettled.},
	author = {Hu, Yue and Tai, Yuehong Cassandra and Solt, Frederick},
	date = {2024-05-02},
	date-modified = {2024-12-17 12:23:30 -0600},
	file = {D:\zotero_system\storage\2ZV9822U\ HuEtAl 2024_Revisiting the evidence on thermostatic response to democratic change degrees of democratic support.pdf},
	issn = {2049-8470, 2049-8489},
	journaltitle = {Political Science Research and Methods},
	langid = {english},
	pages = {1--7},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	shorttitle = {Revisiting the Evidence on Thermostatic Response to Democratic Change},
	title = {Revisiting the Evidence on Thermostatic Response to Democratic Change: Degrees of Democratic Support or Researcher Degrees of Freedom?},
	urldate = {2024-05-03},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2024.16}}

@misc{Hu2022,
	author = {Hu, Yue and Tai, Yuehong Cassandra and Solt, Frederick},
	date-added = {2023-01-26 15:38:28 -0600},
	date-modified = {2023-02-09 10:16:01 -0600},
	doi = {10.31235/osf.io/kd7mu},
	month = {June},
	publisher = {SocArXiv},
	title = {On Data `Janitor Work' in Political Science: The Case of Thermostatic Support for Democracy},
	url = {https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/kd7mu},
	year = {2022},
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	bdsk-url-1 = {https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/kd7mu},
	bdsk-url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/kd7mu}}

@article{Tannenberg2022,
	abstract = { ABSTRACTBecause of a perceived (and real) risk of repressive action, some survey questions are sensitive in more autocratic countries while less so in more democratic countries. Yet, survey data on potentially sensitive topics are frequently used in comparative research despite concerns about comparability. To examine the comparability of politically sensitive questions, I employ a multilevel analysis with more than 228,000 respondents in 37 African countries to test for systematic bias when the survey respondents believe (fear) that the government, rather than an independent research institute, has commissioned the survey. The findings indicate that fear of the government induces a substantial and significant bias on questions regarding trust, approval and corruption perceptions in more autocratic countries, but not in more democratic countries. In contrast, innocuous, apolitical questions are not systematically influenced by regime type. },
	author = {Marcus Tannenberg},
	date-added = {2023-01-26 14:47:52 -0600},
	date-modified = {2023-01-26 14:48:33 -0600},
	journal = {Democratization},
	number = {4},
	pages = {591-610},
	title = {The Autocratic Bias: Self-Censorship of Regime Support},
	volume = {29},
	year = {2022},
	bdsk-file-1 = {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},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2021.1981867}}

@article{Konig2022,
	abstract = { Research dealing with citizens' preferences for different conceptions of democracy has grown and diversified greatly. This has resulted in a highly fragmented field in which empirical evidence cannot easily be integrated into a consistent larger picture. This systematic review takes stock of this research to uncover the roots of existing inconsistencies and to show how future research can avoid them. It maps three decades of research regarding conceptualizations and measurement approaches that have been chosen to study citizens' preferences for democracy. By systematically carving out the variation in the chosen approaches, the review shows why existing research can hardly add up to a clear diagnosis regarding what kind of democracy citizens prefer. A critical discussion based on this review highlights that cumulative research will require a stronger conceptual and methodological integration between different strands in the literature. },
	author = {K{\"o}nig, Pascal D. and Siewert, Markus B. and Ackermann, Kathrin},
	date-added = {2023-01-13 13:30:42 -0600},
	date-modified = {2023-02-08 15:17:19 -0600},
	journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
	number = {12},
	pages = {2015-2049},
	title = {Conceptualizing and Measuring Citizens' Preferences for Democracy: Taking Stock of Three Decades of Research in a Fragmented Field},
	volume = {55},
	year = {2022},
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	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1177/00104140211066213}}

@article{Lu2020,
	abstract = {Easton's framework for theorizing political support continues to be influential for pertinent research. However, due to the complexity of Easton's arguments, there is some confusion on how to classify and measure political support in existing research. Building upon Easton's arguments,
we propose a two-dimensional cognitive framework to examine political support, which not only adequately captures Easton's essential arguments but also effectively incorporates recent findings in cognitive psychology. Using the framework and multiple national surveys, we assess different instruments
widely used to measure regime support in China. We clarify some confusion in the operationalization of political support, establish the salience of institutional settings in shaping its latent structure, assess key survey instruments of regime support, and offer guidelines on how to appropriately
interpret related findings.},
	author = {Lu, Jie and Dickson, Bruce},
	date-added = {2023-01-13 13:15:58 -0600},
	date-modified = {2023-01-13 13:15:58 -0600},
	doi = {doi:10.5129/001041520X15810803375925},
	journal = {Comparative Politics},
	number = {4},
	pages = {671-701},
	publishercode = {cuny},
	title = {Revisiting the Eastonian Framework on Political Support: Assessing Different Measures of Regime Support in Mainland China},
	url = {https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/cuny/cp/2020/00000052/00000004/art00008},
	volume = {52},
	year = {2020},
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	bdsk-url-1 = {https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/cuny/cp/2020/00000052/00000004/art00008},
	bdsk-url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.5129/001041520X15810803375925}}

@article{Yeung2023,
	abstract = { Overestimation of the level of democracy is prevalent among citizens in nondemocracies. Despite such prevalence, no research to date has systematically documented this phenomenon and examined its determinants. Yet given the renewed interest in the role of legitimacy in authoritarian survival, studying whether and why this phenomenon arises is important to our understanding of authoritarian resilience. I argue that, even in the absence of democratic institutions in nondemocracies, autocrats exercise media control in order to boost their democratic legitimacy. This fa{\c c}ade of democracy, in turn, benefits their survival. Combining media freedom data with individual survey response data that include over 30,000 observations from 22 nondemocracies, I find that overestimation of the level of democracy is greater in countries with stronger media control. But highly educated citizens overestimate less. These findings shed light on media control as a strategy for authoritarian survival, and have important implications for modernization theory. },
	author = {Eddy S. F. Yeung},
	date-added = {2023-01-13 12:39:39 -0600},
	date-modified = {2023-01-13 12:39:39 -0600},
	journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
	number = {2},
	pages = {228-266},
	title = {Overestimation of the Level of Democracy Among Citizens in Nondemocracies},
	volume = {56},
	year = {2023},
	bdsk-file-1 = {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},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1177/00104140221089647}}

@article{Escriba-Folch2018,
	abstract = {Abstract Remittances---money migrant workers send back home---are the second largest source of international financial flows in developing countries. As with other sources of international finance, such as foreign direct investment and foreign aid, worker remittances shape politics in recipient countries. We examine the political consequences of remittances by exploring how they influence antigovernment protest behavior. While recent research argues that remittances have a pernicious effect on politics by contributing to authoritarian stability, we argue the opposite: Remittances increase political protest in nondemocracies by augmenting the resources available to potential political opponents. Using cross-national data on a latent measure of antigovernment political protest, we show that remittances increase protest. To explore the mechanism linking remittances to protest, we turn to individual-level data from eight nondemocracies in Africa to show that remittance receipt increases protest in opposition areas but not in progovernment regions.},
	author = {Escrib{\`a}-Folch, Abel and Meseguer, Covadonga and Wright, Joseph},
	date-added = {2023-01-13 12:35:32 -0600},
	date-modified = {2023-01-13 12:35:32 -0600},
	journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
	number = {4},
	pages = {889-904},
	title = {Remittances and Protest in Dictatorships},
	volume = {62},
	year = {2018},
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	bdsk-url-1 = {https://onlinelibrary-wiley-com.proxy.lib.uiowa.edu/doi/abs/10.1111/ajps.12382},
	bdsk-url-2 = {https://doi-org.proxy.lib.uiowa.edu/10.1111/ajps.12382}}

@article{Claassen2022,
	abstract = { Ineffective governance is known to weaken support for governments and leaders. However, it is less clear whether these effects spill over to the regime and erode support for the democratic system. This article returns to this classic question, now using time-series, cross-sectional data to test whether the effectiveness of governments in sustaining economic growth, providing quality healthcare, and tackling violent crime affects popular attitudes to democracy. We find that satisfaction with democracy is driven by fluctuations in economic performance and violent crime (but not healthcare quality). Diffuse support for democracy, in contrast, remains relatively impervious to changes in government effectiveness. Violent crime is the only indicator of effectiveness which has an impact on democratic support, and does so indirectly, via its influence on democratic satisfaction. These findings confirm that democratic support---which, unlike democratic satisfaction, is thought to help sustain democracy---is mostly immune to crises of performance. },
	author = {Christopher Claassen and Pedro C. Magalh{\~a}es},
	date-added = {2023-01-13 11:08:23 -0600},
	date-modified = {2023-01-29 11:36:13 -0600},
	journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
	number = {5},
	pages = {869-894},
	title = {Effective Government and Evaluations of Democracy},
	volume = {55},
	year = {2022},
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	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1177/00104140211036042}}

@article{Claassen2022a,
	abstract = {After decades of relatively high inflows of foreign nationals, immigration is now at the center of substantial political divisions in most European countries and has been implicated in one of the most vexing developments in European politics, the rise of the xenophobic right. However, it is not clear whether high levels of immigration actually do cause a public backlash, or whether publics become habituated to, and supportive of, immigration. This study tests these backlash and habituation theories using novel measures of immigration mood and immigration concern produced by combining over 4,000 opinion datapoints across twenty-nine years and thirty countries. The authors find evidence of a public backlash in the short to medium run, where mood turns negative and concern about immigration rises. Yet the study also finds evidence of a longer-run process of habituation that cancels out the backlash effect within one (concern) to three (mood) decades.},
	author = {Claassen, Christopher and McLaren, Lauren},
	date-added = {2023-01-13 11:07:50 -0600},
	date-modified = {2023-01-13 11:07:50 -0600},
	journal = {British Journal of Political Science},
	month = July,
	number = {3},
	pages = {1013--1031},
	title = {Does {{Immigration Produce}} a {{Public Backlash}} or {{Public Acceptance}}? {{Time-Series}}, {{Cross-Sectional Evidence}} from {{Thirty European Democracies}}},
	volume = {52},
	year = {2021},
	bdsk-file-1 = {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},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-political-science/article/does-immigration-produce-a-public-backlash-or-public-acceptance-timeseries-crosssectional-evidence-from-thirty-european-democracies/B70F93D5CAB9E6DF5935724EBBD5126B},
	bdsk-url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123421000260}}

@article{Bratton2001,
	abstract = { ABSTRACT Comparative analysis of original survey data from Ghana, Zambia and South Africa is used here to assess the attitudes of African citizens towards democracy. Is democracy valued intrinsically (as an end in itself) or instrumentally (for example, as a means to improving material living standards)? We find as much popular support for democracy in Africa as in other Third Wave regions but less satisfaction with the performance of elected governments. The fact that Africans support democracy while being discontented with its achievements implies a measure of intrinsic support that supersedes instrumental considerations. At the same time, approval of democracy remains performance-driven; but approval hinges less on the government&apos;s capacity at delivering economic goods than its ability to guarantee basic political rights. Our findings extend recent arguments about the importance of political goods in regime consolidation and call into question the conventional wisdom that governments in new democracies legitimate themselves mainly through economic performance. },
	author = {Bratton, Michael and Mattes, Robert},
	date-added = {2023-01-13 11:01:50 -0600},
	date-modified = {2023-01-13 11:01:50 -0600},
	doi = {10.1017/S0007123401000175},
	eprint = {http://journals.cambridge.org/article_S0007123401000175},
	journal = {British Journal of Political Science},
	number = {03},
	pages = {447-474},
	title = {Support for Democracy in Africa: Intrinsic or Instrumental?},
	volume = {31},
	year = {2001},
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	bdsk-url-1 = {http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=78863&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S0007123401000175},
	bdsk-url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007123401000175}}

@article{Lu2013,
	author = {Lu, Jie},
	date-added = {2023-01-13 10:53:59 -0600},
	date-modified = {2023-01-13 10:53:59 -0600},
	journal = {Taiwan Journal of Democracy},
	number = {1},
	pages = {117-145},
	title = {Democratic Conceptions in East Asian Societies: A Contextualized Analysis},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2013},
	bdsk-file-1 = {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}}

@article{Carlin2011,
	abstract = { This study measures support for the basic rights, liberties, and practices associated with polyarchy in 12 Latin American democracies. Specifically, it identifies five profiles of support for polyarchy's core values and norms---public contestation, inclusive participation, limits on executive authority, and institutional checks and balances. Although citizens who fit the polyarch profile accept all of polyarchy's principles, those who fit one of the four mixed support profiles (power constrainer, power checker, power delegator, power restrainer) accept only some of them while rejecting other core democratic principles. Long-run factors emphasized by modernization and cultural theories (e.g., education, wealth, political engagement) are closely associated with the polyarch support profile. However, short-range performance factors (e.g., economic perceptions; crime, discrimination, and corruption victimization; voting for losing presidential candidates; presidential approval) may better explain why citizens fit one particular mixed profile over another and particularly explain willingness to delegate authority to the executive at the expense of other institutions. },
	author = {Carlin, Ryan E. and Singer, Matthew M.},
	date-added = {2023-01-13 09:56:31 -0600},
	date-modified = {2023-01-13 09:59:30 -0600},
	journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
	number = {11},
	pages = {1500-1526},
	title = {Support for Polyarchy in the Americas},
	volume = {44},
	year = {2011},
	bdsk-file-1 = {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},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414011407471}}

@misc{Solt2019,
	abstract = {Collects and formats public opinion data for use in estimating cross-national latent variables.},
	author = {Solt, Frederick and Hu, Yue and Tai, Yuehong Cassandra},
	date-added = {2022-10-01 09:45:26 -0500},
	date-modified = {2024-10-17 11:33:13 -0500},
	howpublished = {\verb+https://github.com/fsolt/DCPOtools+},
	title = {{{DCPOtools}}: {{Tools}} for {{Dynamic Comparative Public Opinion}}},
	urldate = {2022-02-18},
	year = {2019},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://github.com/fsolt/DCPOtools}}

@article{Caughey2019,
	abstract = {Using new scaling methods and a comprehensive public opinion dataset, we develop the first survey-based time-series\textendash cross-sectional measures of policy ideology in European mass publics. Our dataset covers 27 countries and 36 years and contains nearly 2.7 million survey responses to 109 unique issue questions. Estimating an ordinal group-level IRT model in each of four issue domains, we obtain biennial estimates of the absolute economic conservatism, relative economic conservatism, social conservatism, and immigration conservatism of men and women in three age categories in each country. Aggregating the group-level estimates yields estimates of the average conservatism in national publics in each biennium between 1981\textendash 82 and 2015\textendash 16. The four measures exhibit contrasting cross-sectional cleavages and distinct temporal dynamics, illustrating the multidimensionality of mass ideology in Europe. Subjecting our measures to a series of validation tests, we show that the constructs they measure are distinct and substantively important and that they perform as well as or better than one-dimensional proxies for mass conservatism (left\textendash right self-placement and median voter scores). We foresee many uses for these scores by scholars of public opinion, electoral behavior, representation, and policy feedback.},
	author = {Caughey, Devin and O'Grady, Tom and Warshaw, Christopher},
	date-modified = {2023-01-29 10:11:40 -0600},
	file = {D\:\\MEGAsync\\Nutstore\\01_Literature\\Caughey et al_2019_Policy Ideology in European Mass Publics, 1981--2016.pdf},
	ids = {CaugheyEtAl2019a,caugheyₚolicyₙodate},
	issn = {0003-0554, 1537-5943},
	journal = {American Political Science Review},
	keywords = {IRT},
	langid = {english},
	number = {3},
	pages = {674--693},
	timestamp = {2019-12-09T23:39:44Z},
	title = {Policy {{Ideology}} in {{European Mass Publics}}, 1981\textendash 2016},
	volume = {113},
	year = {2019},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055419000157}}

@article{Claassen2019,
	author = {Claassen, Christopher},
	file = {D\:\\MEGAsync\\Nutstore\\01_Literature\\Claassen_2019_Estimating Smooth Country--Year Panels of Public Opinion.pdf},
	ids = {claassenₑstimating₂019,claassenₑstimating₂019-1},
	journal = {Political Analysis},
	keywords = {Bayesian estimation,hierarchical modeling,IRT,latent variables,public opinion,support for democracy,time series},
	number = {1},
	pages = {1--20},
	timestamp = {2020-06-24T02:49:29Z},
	title = {Estimating {{Smooth Country}}\textendash{{Year Panels}} of {{Public Opinion}}},
	volume = {27},
	year = {2019}}

@article{Claassen2020b,
	abstract = {Public support has long been thought crucial for the vitality and survival of democracy. Existing research has argued that democracy also creates its own demand: through early-years socialization and later-life learning, the presence of a democratic system coupled with the passage of time produces widespread public support for democracy. Using new panel measures of democratic mood varying over 135 countries and up to 30 years, this article finds little evidence for such a positive feedback effect of democracy on support. Instead, it demonstrates a negative thermostatic effect: increases in democracy depress democratic mood, while decreases cheer it. Moreover, it is increases in the liberal, counter-majoritarian aspects of democracy, not the majoritarian, electoral aspects that provoke this backlash from citizens. These novel results challenge existing research on support for democracy, but also reconcile this research with the literature on macro-opinion.},
	author = {Claassen, Christopher},
	date-modified = {2023-01-29 11:41:10 -0600},
	file = {D\:\\MEGAsync\\Nutstore\\01_Literature\\Claassen2020_In the Mood for Democracy - Democratic Support as Thermostatic Opinion.pdf;D\:\\MEGAsync\\Nutstore\\01_Literature\\Claassen2020_In the Mood for Democracy.pdf},
	issn = {0003-0554, 1537-5943},
	journal = {American Political Science Review},
	keywords = {IRT},
	langid = {english},
	month = feb,
	number = {1},
	pages = {36--53},
	publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
	shorttitle = {In the {{Mood}} for {{Democracy}}?},
	timestamp = {2020-06-24T02:49:26Z},
	title = {In the {{Mood}} for {{Democracy}}? {{Democratic Support}} as {{Thermostatic Opinion}}},
	volume = {114},
	year = {2020},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055419000558}}

@article{Claassen2020a,
	abstract = {It is widely believed that democracy requires public support to survive. The empirical evidence for this hypothesis is weak, however, with existing tests resting on small cross-sectional samples and producing contradictory results. The underlying problem is that survey measures of support for democracy are fragmented across time, space, and different survey questions. In response, this article uses a Bayesian latent variable model to estimate a smooth country-year panel of democratic support for 135 countries and up to 29 years. The article then demonstrates a positive effect of support on subsequent democratic change, while adjusting for the possible confounding effects of prior levels of democracy and unobservable time-invariant factors. Support is, moreover, more robustly linked with the endurance of democracy than its emergence in the first place. As Lipset (1959) and Easton (1965) hypothesized over 50 years ago, public support does indeed help democracy survive.},
	author = {Claassen, Christopher},
	date-modified = {2023-01-29 11:41:18 -0600},
	file = {D\:\\MEGAsync\\Nutstore\\01_Literature\\Claassen2019_Does Public Support Help Democracy Survive.pdf;D\:\\MEGAsync\\Nutstore\\01_Literature\\Claassen2019_Does Public Support Help Democracy Survive2.pdf},
	issn = {0092-5853, 1540-5907},
	journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
	keywords = {IRT},
	langid = {english},
	month = jan,
	number = {1},
	pages = {118--134},
	timestamp = {2020-06-24T02:49:39Z},
	title = {Does {{Public Support Help Democracy Survive}}?},
	volume = {64},
	year = {2020},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12452}}

@book{Easton1965,
	address = {{New York}},
	author = {Easton, David},
	googlebooks = {AvsMAQAAMAAJ},
	langid = {english},
	publisher = {{Wiley}},
	timestamp = {2021-01-20T00:12:59Z},
	title = {A {{Systems Analysis}} of {{Political Life}}},
	year = {1965}}

@article{Graham2020,
	abstract = {Is support for democracy in the United States robust enough to deter undemocratic behavior by elected politicians? We develop a model of the public as a democratic check and evaluate it using two empirical strategies: an original, nationally representative candidate-choice experiment in which some politicians take positions that violate key democratic principles, and a natural experiment that occurred during Montana's 2017 special election for the U.S. House. Our research design allows us to infer Americans' willingness to trade-off democratic principles for other valid but potentially conflicting considerations such as political ideology, partisan loyalty, and policy preferences. We find the U.S. public's viability as a democratic check to be strikingly limited: only a small fraction of Americans prioritize democratic principles in their electoral choices, and their tendency to do so is decreasing in several measures of polarization, including the strength of partisanship, policy extremism, and candidate platform divergence. Our findings echo classic arguments about the importance of political moderation and cross-cutting cleavages for democratic stability and highlight the dangers that polarization represents for democracy.},
	author = {Graham, Matthew H. and Svolik, Milan W.},
	date-modified = {2023-02-08 15:16:42 -0600},
	file = {D\:\\MEGAsync\\Nutstore\\01_Literature\\Graham_Svolik2020_Democracy in America.pdf;D\:\\zotero_system\\storage\\UQ23NZZR\\C7C72745B1AD1FF9E363BBFBA9E18867.html},
	journal = {American Political Science Review},
	month = may,
	number = {2},
	pages = {392--409},
	title = {Democracy in {{America}}? {{Partisanship}}, {{Polarization}}, and the {{Robustness}} of {{Support}} for {{Democracy}} in the {{United States}}},
	volume = {114},
	year = {2020},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/democracy-in-america-partisanship-polarization-and-the-robustness-of-support-for-democracy-in-the-united-states/C7C72745B1AD1FF9E363BBFBA9E18867},
	bdsk-url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055420000052}}

@techreport{IDEA2021,
	author = {IDEA, International},
	date-added = {2021-11-29 15:20:13 -0500},
	date-modified = {2021-11-29 15:20:13 -0500},
	title = {Global {{State}} of {{Democracy Report}} 2021: {{Building Resilience}} in a {{Pandemic Era}}},
	year = {2021}}

@article{KirschWelzel2019,
	author = {Kirsch, Helen and Welzel, Christian},
	journal = {Social Forces},
	number = {1},
	pages = {59--92},
	publisher = {{Oxford University Press}},
	title = {Democracy {{Misunderstood}}: {{Authoritarian Notions}} of {{Democracy Around}} the {{Globe}}},
	volume = {98},
	year = {2019},
	bdsk-file-1 = {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}}

@article{Schedler2007,
	author = {Schedler, Andreas and Sarsfield, Rodolfo},
	date-modified = {2023-02-08 15:02:00 -0600},
	journal = {European Journal of Political Research},
	number = {5},
	pages = {637--659},
	title = {Democrats with {{Adjectives}}: {{Linking Direct}} and {{Indirect Measures}} of {{Democratic Support}}},
	volume = {46},
	year = {2007}}

@unpublished{Solt2020c,
	abstract = {The study of public opinion in comparative context has been hampered by data that is sparse, that is, unavailable for many countries and years; incomparable, i.e., ostensibly addressing the same issue but generated by different survey items; or, most often, both. Questions of representation and of policy feedback on public opinion, for example, cannot be explored fully from a cross-national perspective without comparable time-series data for many countries that span their respective times of policy adoption. Recent works (Claassen 2019; Caughey, O'Grady, and Warshaw 2019) have introduced a latent variable approach to the study of comparative public opinion that maximizes the information gleaned from available surveys to overcome issues of sparse and incomparable data and allow comparativists to examine the dynamics of public opinion. This article advances this field of research by presenting a new model and software for estimating latent variables of public opinion from cross-national survey data that yield superior fit and more quantities of theoretical interest than previous works allow.},
	author = {Solt, Frederick},
	date-modified = {2023-01-26 17:16:10 -0600},
	doi = {10.31235/osf.io/d5n9p},
	file = {D\:\\MEGAsync\\Nutstore\\01_Literature\\Solt2020_Modeling Dynamic Comparative Public Opinion2.pdf},
	keywords = {IRT},
	month = {Jan},
	publisher = {SocArXiv},
	timestamp = {2020-06-24T02:51:31Z},
	title = {Modeling {{Dynamic Comparative Public Opinion}}},
	url = {https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/d5n9p/},
	year = {2020},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/d5n9p/},
	bdsk-url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/d5n9p}}

@article{UmehEdithOguEzenwa2019,
	author = {Umeh Edith, U and Ogu Ezenwa, H},
	journal = {Journal of Statistical and Econometric Methods},
	number = {3},
	pages = {65--76},
	publisher = {{SCIENPRESS Ltd}},
	title = {Assessment on {{Some Estimators}} of a {{System}} of {{Simultaneous Equation Model}} on the {{Influence}} of {{Measurement Errors}} in {{Variables}} of the {{Model}}},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2019}}

@article{WelzelEtAl2017,
	author = {Welzel, Christian and Inglehart, Ronald and Kruse, Stefan},
	journal = {British Journal of Political Science},
	number = {2},
	pages = {463--472},
	publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
	title = {Pitfalls in the Study of Democratization: {{Testing}} the Emancipatory Theory of Democracy},
	volume = {47},
	year = {2017}}

@article{WuttkeEtAl2022,
	abstract = {Democracies without democrats are not sustainable. Yet, recent studies have argued that Western citizens are turning their backs on the system of self-governance, thereby eroding the societal foundations of consolidated democracies. This study contributes to discussions about citizen support of democracy by (1) analyzing new cross-national survey data in 18 European countries that facilitate assessments of the temporal and geographical generalizability of previous findings, (2) disentangling age, cohort and period effects, thereby aligning the analytical methods with the theoretical arguments and (3) transparently reporting all evidence derived from pre-registered analyses to avoid cherry-picked findings. The findings show that citizens of consolidated democracies continue to endorse self-governance. Yet in some (but not all) countries, there is evidence of a growing number of `democrats in name only', particularly among the young generation. These findings suggest a second phase in research on democratic fatigue that broadens the analytical scope for the multi-faceted nature of democratic support.},
	author = {Wuttke, Alexander and Gavras, Konstantin and Schoen, Harald},
	doi = {10.1017/S0007123420000149},
	file = {D\:\\MEGAsync\\Nutstore\\01_Literature\\Wuttke et al2022_Have Europeans Grown Tired of Democracy.pdf;D\:\\zotero_system\\storage\\FJQPXT3P\\27BFAF99039CD7B495EFED4042BB93DF.html},
	issn = {0007-1234, 1469-2112},
	journal = {British Journal of Political Science},
	keywords = {APC analysis,civic culture,illiberal democracy,institutional trust,open science,political interest,populism,regime preferences},
	langid = {english},
	month = jan,
	number = {1},
	pages = {416--428},
	publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
	shorttitle = {Have {{Europeans Grown Tired}} of {{Democracy}}?},
	title = {Have {{Europeans Grown Tired}} of {{Democracy}}? {{New Evidence}} from {{Eighteen Consolidated Democracies}}, 1981\textendash 2018},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-political-science/article/have-europeans-grown-tired-of-democracy-new-evidence-from-eighteen-consolidated-democracies-19812018/27BFAF99039CD7B495EFED4042BB93DF},
	urldate = {2022-02-18},
	volume = {52},
	year = {2022},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-political-science/article/have-europeans-grown-tired-of-democracy-new-evidence-from-eighteen-consolidated-democracies-19812018/27BFAF99039CD7B495EFED4042BB93DF},
	bdsk-url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123420000149}}

@misc{VDem2023data,
	author = {Coppedge, Michael and Gerring, John and Knutsen, Carl Henrik and Lindberg, Staffan I. and Teorell, Jan and Altman, David and Bernhard, Michael and Cornell, Agnes and Fish, M. Steven and Gastaldi, Lisa and Gjerl{\o}w, Haakon and Glynn, Adam and God, Ana Good and Grahn, Sandra and Hicken, Allen and Kinzelbach, Katrin and Krusell, Joshua and Marquardt, Kyle L. and McMann, Kelly and Mechkova, Valeriya and Medzihorsky, Juraj and Natsika, Natalia and Neundorf, Anja and Paxton, Pamela and Pemstein, Daniel and Pernes, Josefine and Ryd{\'e}n, Oskar and {von R{\"o}mer}, Johannes and Seim, Brigitte and Sigman, Rachel and Skaaning, Svend-Erik and Staton, Jeffrey and Sundstr{\"o}m, Aksel and Tzelgov, Eitan and Wang, Yi-ting and Wig, Tore and Wilson, Steven and Ziblatt, Daniel},
	date-modified = {2024-03-06 13:24:47 -0600},
	institution = {Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project},
	title = {{V-Dem Country-Year/Country-Date Dataset v13}},
	year = {2023},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds23}}

@misc{VDem2023codebook,
	author = {Coppedge, Michael and Gerring, John and Knutsen, Carl Henrik and Lindberg, Staffan I. and Teorell, Jan and Altman, David and Bernhard, Michael and Cornell, Agnes and Fish, M. Steven and Gastaldi, Lisa and Gjerl{\o}w, Haakon and Glynn, Adam and Grahn, Sandra and Hicken, Allen and Kinzelbach, Katrin and Marquardt, and McMann, Kelly and Mechkova, Valeriya and Neundorf, Anja and Paxton, Pamela and Pemstein, Daniel and Ryd{\'e}n, Oskar and {von R{\"o}mer}, Johannes and Seim, Brigitte and Sigman, Rachel and Skaaning, Svend-Erik and Staton, Jeffrey and Sundstr{\"o}m, Aksel and Tzelgov, Eitan and Uberti, Luca and Wang, Yi-ting and Wig, Tore and Ziblatt, Daniel},
	institution = {Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project},
	title = {{V-Dem Codebook v13}},
	year = {2023}}

@misc{Bratton2002,
	author = {Bratton, Michael},
	date-modified = {2024-03-06 13:28:17 -0600},
	howpublished = {Afrobarometer Paper 19. Available at http://www.afrobarometer.org.},
	title = {Wide But Shallow: Popular Support for Democracy in Africa},
	year = {2002},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://www.afrobarometer.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/AfropaperNo19.pdf}}

@article{Gora2022,
	author = {Gora, Anna and de Wilde, Pieter},
	journal = {Journal of European Public Policy},
	number = {3},
	pages = {342--362},
	publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
	title = {The essence of democratic backsliding in the European Union: deliberation and rule of law},
	volume = {29},
	year = {2022}}

@article{Ananda2023,
	author = {Ananda, Aurelia and Dawson, James},
	journal = {Journal of European Public Policy},
	pages = {1--24},
	publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
	title = {Cultural liberalism in Eastern and Western Europe: a societal antidote to democratic backsliding?},
	year = {2023}}

@article{Meyerrose2023,
	author = {Meyerrose, Anna M},
	date-modified = {2024-12-17 18:39:39 -0600},
	journal = {The Review of International Organizations},
	pages = {307-343},
	publisher = {Springer},
	title = {Building strong executives and weak institutions: How European integration contributes to democratic backsliding},
	volume = {19},
	year = {2024}}
